Fetal Fibronectin Kev Kuaj sai
Siv siv
Lub zog®Prom xeem yog qhov kev kuaj pom kev tsis pom tseeb immunochromatogromoCov npaj kom siv rau cov kev paub zoo ntawm cov menyuam nqaij Fibronovin hauv Centricovaginal zais cia. Lub xub ntiag ntawm fetal fibronectin hauv cervicovaginal zais nruab nrab ntawm 22 lub lis piam, 0 hnub thiab 34 lub lis piam, 6 hnub ntawm kev sib tw yogtxuam nrog kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub tsev.
Chaw ntsuas
Lub tsev kawm ntawv Askiv, txhais los ntawm American Collegians thiab gynecologist raws li kev xa khoom ua ntej rau feem ntau ntawm cov tsis yog-chromosomal permatal morbidity thiab kev tuag. Cov tsos mob ntawm kev hem thawj tus menyuam lub siab, kev hloov chaw mos, ntshav plab, mob plab, mob plab, pob txha caj qaum, thiab cramping. Kev kuaj mob cov qauv rau kev txheeb xyuas cov kev txiav txim siab ua haujlwm muaj xws li kev soj ntsuam cov haujlwm ntawm kev kuaj mob digital, uas tso cai rau kev kwv yees qhov ntev. Cov hau kev no tau pom tias muaj tsawg, raws li qhov tsis tshua muaj menyuam yaus (< Thaum ob peb lub surum biochemical marers tau raug ntsuas, tsis muaj leej twg tau txais dav tau txais rau kev siv tshuaj kho.
Fetal Fibronectin (FFN), ib qho isoform ntawm fibronecin, yog ib qho nplaum nplaum glycoprotein nrog txoj kev sib luag ntawm 500,000 daltons. Matsuura thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm sib koom tau piav qhia txog Monoclonal Antibody hu ua FDC-6, uas tau lees paub III-CS, thaj av txhais tau tus me nyuam fibronform ntawm fibronecin. Immunohistochemical kev tshawb fawb ntawm placentae tau qhia tias FFN yogtawm tswv yim rau cov extracellular matrix ntawm thaj av txhais cov kev sib tshuamntawm cov niam tsev thiab menyuam hauv plab hauv tsev menyuam.
Fetal Fibronectin tuaj yeem kuaj pom hauv cervicovaginal zais ntawm cov poj niam cev xeeb tub los ntawm kev siv monoclonal antibodysabed immunoassay. Fetal Fibronectin yog nce hauv Cen cervicovaginal zais thaum ntxov cev xeeb tub tab sis ploj zuj zus ntawm 22 txog 35 lub lim piam hauv cev xeeb tub ib txwm muaj. Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm nws muaj nyob hauv lub qhov chaw mos hauv lub sijhawm thaum ntxov ntawm cev xeeb tub tsis to taub. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tsuas yog cuam tshuam txoj kev loj hlob ib txwm ntawm cov neeg muaj peev xwm exphophoblas thiab placenta. Kev kuaj pom ntawm FFN hauv Cen cervicovaginal zais nruab nrab ntawm 22 lub lis piam, 6 hnub ntawm 22 lub lis piam, 6 hnub nyob rau hauv cov poj niam cev xeebthartomant.
Lub ntsiab lus
Lub zog®FFN kev sim siv cov xim immunochromatogromogratogratographic, capillary ntws thev naus laus zis. Cov txheej txheem ntsuas yuav tsum tau ua rau solubilization ntawm FFN los ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm Visinal Daj los ntawm kev sib xyaw nrog cov qauv sib dhos. Tom qab ntawd cov qauv sib xyaw ua piv txwv ntxiv rau cov qauv kev sim ua qauv zoo thiab cov dej ntws migrates raws li daim nyias nyias. Yog tias FFN yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv tus qauv, nws yuav tsim cov nyom nrog thawj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv anti- ffn antibody conjugodated rau cov xim sau. Lub complex yuav tom qab los ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob thib ob los tiv thaiv kab mob hauv nitrocellose membrane. Cov tsos ntawm ib kab kev pom sib txuas nrog nrog txoj kab tswj hwm yuav qhia tau tias muaj txiaj ntsig zoo.
Cov Khoom Siv Khoom Siv
| 20 Ib tus zuj zus ptus hmaNrhiav cov khoom siv ED | Txhua lub cuab yeej muaj cov sawb nrog cov xim sib dhos thiab reagents reagents ua ntej-coated ntawm cov cheeb tsam sib xws. |
| 2EXTRACTIONNtas vial | 0.1 m phosphate buffered saline (PBS) thiab 0.02% sodium azide. |
| 1 Kev Tswj Xyuas Zoo Sib Tw (ntawm kev thov xwb) | Muaj ffn thiab sodium azide. Rau kev tswj sab nraud. |
| 1 qhov kev tswj hwm tsis zoo (ntawm kev thov xwb) | Tsis muaj ffn. Rau kev tswj sab nraud. |
| 20 Extraction Leeg | Rau cov hnoos qeev siv. |
| 1 Chaw ua haujlwm | Qhov chaw rau kev tuav ntas vials thiab hlab. |
| 1 Cov ntim ntim | Rau kev qhia ua haujlwm. |
Cov ntaub ntawv yuav tsum tau tab sis tsis muab
| Timer | Rau kev siv sijhawm. |
COV KEV CEEV FAJ
■ Rau kev tshaj lij hauv vitro kuaj xyuas siv nkaus xwb.
Tsis txhob siv tom qab hnub tas sij hawm uas qhia ntawm pob. Tsis txhob siv qhov kev xeem yog tias nws lub hnab ci yog puas. Tsis txhob siv xeem xeem.
Cov khoom siv no muaj cov khoom lag luam ntawm keeb kwm. Muaj ntawv lees paub ntawm lub hauv paus chiv keeb thiab / lossis huv lub xeev ntawm cov tsiaj tsis tau lav qhov uas tsis muaj cov neeg sawv cev sib txuas. Nws yog yog li ntawd, pom zoo tias cov khoom no tau kho kom zoo li kev sib kis, thiab saib xyuas qhov kev tiv thaiv kev nyab xeeb ib txwm (tsis txhob noj lossis nqus tau).
■ Zam kev sib kis ntawm cov hnoos qeev los ntawm kev siv cov ntaub ntim ntim khoom tshiab rau txhua qhov hnoos qeev tau txais.
■ Nyeem tag nrho cov txheej txheem ua tib zoo ua ntej ua cov ntawv xeem.
Tsis txhob noj, haus lossis haus luam yeeb hauv thaj chaw uas cov hnoos qeev thiab cov khoom siv tau raug daws. Kov txhua yam khoom uas yog tias lawv muaj cov neeg sawv cev sib kis. Soj ntsuam pom tias muaj kev cuam tshuam cov microbiological thoob plaws hauv cov txheej txheem thiab ua raws cov txheej txheem qauv rau kev pov khoom pov tseg. Hnav cov khaub ncaws tiv thaiv xws li kuaj cov tsho loj, cov hnab looj tes pov tseg thiab kev tiv thaiv lub qhov muag thaum muaj cov hnoos qeev.
Tsis txhob muab kev sib haum xeeb lossis sib xyaw ntawm cov sib txawv ntau. Tsis txhob sib xyaw cov tshuaj fwj lub kaus mom.
■ Cov av noo thiab kub tuaj yeem cuam tshuam cov txiaj ntsig zoo rau cov txiaj ntsig.
■ Thaum cov txheej txheem assin ua tiav, muab cov nyiaj so pov tseg tom qab autoclaving lawv ntawm 121 ° C rau tsawg kawg 20 feeb. Hloov pauv, lawv tuaj yeem raug kho nrog 0.5% sodium hypochloride (lossis tuav tshuaj dawb) rau ib teev ua ntej pov tseg. Cov ntaub ntawv xeem yuav tsum tau muab pov tseg raws li hauv zos, xeev thiab / lossis tseemfwv qib siab.
Tsis txhob siv tshuaj txhuam cytology nrog cov neeg mob cev xeeb tub.
Cia thiab Ruaj Khwv
Cov khoom siv yuav tsum muab khaws cia ntawm 2-30 ° C kom txog rau hnub tas sij hawm luam tawm ntawm lub hnab ntim khoom.
■ Qhov kev xeem yuav tsum nyob hauv lub hnab ntim khoom kom txog thaum siv.
Tsis txhob khov.
Yuav tsum tau saib yuav tsum tau los tiv thaiv cov khoom hauv cov khoom siv los ntawm kev sib kis. Tsis txhob siv yog tias muaj pov thawj ntawm cov kab mob me me lossis nag lossis daus. Kev siv tshuaj lom neeg lom neeg raug tshem tawm ntawm cov khoom siv tsis sib xws, ntim khoom lossis reagents tuaj yeem ua rau cov txiaj ntsig cuav.
Pecimen sau thiab khaws cia
■ Siv cov dacron lossis rayon tipped kua muag nrog yas hlau. Nws tau pom zoo kom siv cov khoom ntim khoom uas siv los ntawm cov khoom siv cov khoom siv (cov ntaub ntawv so hauv cov khoom siv no, thov hu rau cov chaw tsim khoom lossis cov khoom siv hauv zos yog 207000). SWABS los ntawm lwm cov neeg muab khoom tsis tau siv tau. Swabs nrog cov lus qhia paj rwb lossis cov ntaub ntawv ntoo tsis pom zoo.
■ Cervicovaginal zais cia yog tau los ntawm posterior fortnix ntawm lub paum. Cov txheej txheem sau ntawv yog npaj siab yuav maj. Siv zog los yog siv zog, ib txwm rau cov kab lis kev cai micobiological, tsis tas yuav tsum tau. Thaum lub sij hawm kuaj xyuas qhov tseeb, ua ntej ib qho kev kuaj mob lossis cov neeg siv lub zog ntawm lub ncauj lus ntawm lub paum ntawm lub paum ntawm lub paum rau 10 feeb kom nqus tau cov zais cia cervicovaginal. Cov kev sim ua tom ntej rau cov neeg ua haujlwm lub taub hau tuaj yeem cuam tshuam qhov kev xeem. Tshem tawm tus neeg thov thiab ua qhov ntsuas raws li qhia hauv qab no.
■ Tso lub pob so mus rau lub raj rho tawm, yog tias qhov kev xeem yuav khiav tam sim. Yog tias kuaj tam sim ntawd tsis tuaj yeem ua tau, tus neeg mob kuaj yuav tsum muab tso rau hauv lub raj thauj khoom qhuav rau kev ntim khoom lossis thauj. Cov hnab looj tes yuav muab khaws cia rau 24 teev ntawm chav sov (15-30 ° C) lossis 1 asthiv ntawm 4 ° C lossis tsis muaj ntau tshaj 6 lub hlis ntawm -20 ° C. Txhua qhov quav yuav tsum tau tso cai kom mus txog ib chav kub ntawm 15-30 ° C ua ntej sim.
Kev ua
Nqa cov ntawv xeem, cov quav, ntas thiab / lossis tswj rau chav sov (15-30 ° C) ua ntej siv.
■ Tso ib lub raj huv cov raj hauv thaj chaw xaiv ntawm thaj chaw ua haujlwm. Ntxiv 1ml ntawm extraction tsis mus rau extraction raj.
■ Muab cov hnoos qeev muab cov hnoos qeev rau hauv lub raj. Vigorously sib xyaw cov tshuaj los ntawm kev tig lub pob swab forquelfully tiv thaiv ib sab ntawm lub raj ntawm kaum npaug (thaum submerged). Cov txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws yog tau txais thaum cov quav me yog siv zog sib xyaw hauv kev daws teeb meem.
■ nyem tawm cov kua ntau li ntau tau los ntawm kev sib tsoo los ntawm kev rhuav ntawm sab ntawm cov raj nrog cov pob zeb tshem tawm. Tsawg kawg yog 1/2 ntawm cov qauv ntas yeej yuav tsum nyob hauv lub raj kom haum xeeb kom muaj kev tsiv teb tsaws. Tso lub hau rau lub raj xa tawm.
Pov tseg cov paj ntaub nyob hauv ib qho khoom siv Biohazardous pov tseg.
■ Cov quav me me tau muab cov khoom tawm tuaj yeem khaws cia hauv chav tsev rau 60 feeb yam tsis cuam tshuam txog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev xeem.
Tshem tawm qhov kev xeem los ntawm nws lub hnab ntim khoom, thiab muab nws tso rau ntawm ib theem huv thiab theem. Sau npe rau cov cuab yeej nrog tus neeg mob lossis tswj xyuas tus kheej. Txhawm rau kom tau txais qhov txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws, cov assay yuav tsum ua hauv ib teev.
■ Ntxiv 3 tee (kwv yees li 100 μl) ntawm rho tawm cov qauv los ntawm cov raj rho tawm kom cov qauv kom zoo ntawm cov kab ke xeem.
Zam kev ua npuas huab cua hauv cov hnoos qeev, thiab tsis txhob daws cov tshuaj hauv lub qhov rai soj ntsuam.
Raws li qhov kev sim pib ua haujlwm, koj yuav pom cov xim txav mus hla tus kheej.
■ Tos kom muaj cov xim band (s) tshwm sim. Qhov tshwm sim yuav tsum tau nyeem ntawm 5 feeb. Tsis txhais cov txiaj ntsig tom qab 5 feeb.
Pov tseg cov hlua kuaj thiab kuaj cov kab mob hauv cov ntaub pua nkoj uas haum.
Nterpretation ntawm cov txiaj ntsig
| Yam zooQho kawg:
| Ob tug xim bands tshwm rau ntawm daim nyias nyias. Ib band tshwm nyob rau hauv thaj chaw tswj (c) thiab lwm pab band tshwm nyob rau hauv thaj chaw xeem (t). |
| Tsis zooQho kawg:
| Tsuas yog ib qho xim xim xwb tshwm nyob hauv thaj chaw tswj hwm (c). Tsis muaj cov xim muaj xim muaj xim nyob hauv thaj chaw kuaj (T). |
| Tsis yogQho kawg:
| Tswj band band tsis tshwm sim. Cov txiaj ntsig los ntawm kev sim uas tsis tau tsim cov hlua tswj hwm ntawm lub sijhawm nyeem tau siv yuav tsum muab pov tseg. Thov saib cov txheej txheem thiab rov ua dua nrog kev kuaj tshiab. Yog tias cov teeb meem tseem nyob, ua tsis tau siv cov khoom siv tam sim ntawd thiab tiv tauj koj cov neeg faib khoom hauv zos. |
Nco tseg:
1. Qhov kev siv ntawm cov xim hauv thaj av xeem (T) yuav txawv nyob ntawm cov kev xav tau cov tshuaj uas muaj zog rau hauv cov quav. Tab sis cov tshuaj theem tsis tuaj yeem txiav txim siab los ntawm qhov kev ntsuas no.
2. Cov txheej txheem tsim nyog tsis txaus, cov txheej txheem ua haujlwm tsis raug, lossis ua haujlwm tas sij hawm yog feem ntau cov laj thawj rau kev tswj pawg tsis ua haujlwm.
Kev Tswj Xyuas Zoo
■ Cov kev tswj hwm hauv cov txheej txheem nyob hauv kev ntsuas. Ib cov xim band tshwm hauv cheeb tsam tswj (c) yog suav hais tias yog kev tswj hwm cov txheej txheem zoo sab hauv. Nws paub meej tias cov khoom siv hnoos qeev kom txaus thiab cov txheej txheem txheej txheem kom raug.
■ Cov txheej txheem kev tswj hwm sab nraud yog muab (ntawm kev thov nkaus xwb) hauv cov khoom siv los xyuas kom meej tias kev sim ua tau zoo. Tsis tas li, cov kev tswj hwm yuav siv tau los ua kom pom kev ua tau zoo los ntawm tus neeg teb xov tooj ntsuas. Txhawm rau kuaj qhov zoo lossis kev tswj hwm tsis zoo, ua tiav cov kauj ruam hauv kev sim cov ntu txheej txheem kev tswj hwm cov kev tswj hwm uas yog ib qho paj yeeb.
Txwv kev ntsuas
1. Qhov kev pom zoo no tsuas yog siv rau qhov kev paub zoo ntawm cov menyuam nqaij Fibronectin hauv cervicovaginal zais cia.
2. Kuaj cov txiaj ntsig yuav tsum tau siv tas li ua ke nrog lwm cov tshuaj tua kho mob thiab ntsuas cov ntaub ntawv rau cov neeg saib xyuas neeg taus.
3. Cov Quav yuav tsum tau ua ntej Digital soj ntsuam lossis kev tswj hwm ntawm lub ncauj tsev menyuam. Kev txiav txim siab ntawm lub ncauj tsev menyuam yuav ua rau muaj cov txiaj ntsig zoo.
4
5. Cov neeg mob uas xav tias yog tus paub tag nrho kev sib koom ua, placenta Privia, lossis kev mob siab lossis tag nrho cov chaw mos txwv lossis cov kev tiv thaiv kev tsis yog qhov chaw mos txwv tsis pub muaj.
6. Cov neeg mob uas muaj cerclage yuav tsum tsis txhob kuaj.
7. Cov kev ua tau zoo ntawm lub zog®FFN TEST yog nyob ntawm kev kawm hauv cov poj niam nrog singleton kev sib tw. Kev ua tau zoo tsis tau txheeb xyuas cov neeg mob muaj ntau qhov kev sib tw, piv txwv li, menyuam ntxaib.
8. Lub zog®FFN kev xeem tsis yog tsim los ua kom muaj kev sib tw ntawm cov kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab tawg ntawm cov hmoov nplej ua ntej ua ntej kev sim ua ntej.
Cov yam ntxwv ua tau zoo
Cov lus: HallStep® FFN kuaj thiab lwm hom FFN kev sim
| Tus txheeb ze rhiab: 97.96% (89.13% -99.95%) * Cov txheeb ze tshwj xeeb: 98.73% (95.50% -99.85%) * Tag nrho cov lus cog tseg: 98.55% (95.82% -99.70%) * * 95% kev ntseeg siab lub sijhawm |
| Lwm Hom |
| ||
| + | - | Tag nrho | |||
| Muaj zog®fFn Xeem ntawv | + | 48 | 2 | 50 | |
| - | 1 | 156 | 157 | ||
|
| 49 | 158 | 207 | ||
Kev Ntsuam Xyuas Cov Kev Mob Siab
Tus nqi qis tshaj plaws ntawm FFN hauv cov qauv rho tawm yog 50μg / l.
Ntawm cov txiv neej ua cov txiaj ntsig, nce qib (≥ 0.0 hli μg) (1 hnub) ntawm FFN / L) ntawm FFN / L) ntawm FFN ntawm kev xa khoom hauv ≤ 7 lossis 15 hnub los ntawm Cov qauv sau. Ntawm cov poj niam asymptomatic, nce qib ntawm FFN ntawm 22 lub lis piam, 0 hnub thiab 30 lub lis piam, 6 hnub paub kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev xa khoom hauv ≤ 34 lub lis piam, 6 hnub ntawm kev sib tw. Kev tshawb fawb ntawm 50 μg / l ffn tau tsim muaj nyob hauv kev sib koom ua ke ntawm Fibronectin qhia thaum cev xeeb tub thiab lub tsev kawm ntawv.
Cuam tshuam cov tshuaj
Yuav tsum tau txais kev saib xyuas kom tsis txhob ua paug tus neeg thov lossis cov khoom siv cervicovaginal nrog lubricants, soapt, tshuaj tua kab mob, lossis cream. Lubricants lossis cream tej zaum yuav lub cev cuam tshuam nrog kev nqus cov hnoos qeev mus rau tus neeg thov. Cov xab npum lossis cov tshuaj tua kab mob yuav cuam tshuam nrog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv antibdy-antigen.
Muaj peev xwm cuam tshuam cov khoom cuam tshuam rau cov tshuaj uas muaj ntau yam uas yuav raug pom hauv cervicovaginal zais cia. Cov tshuaj yeeb hauv qab no tsis cuam tshuam rau hauv qhov ua tau thaum xeem thaum xeem tau.
| Khoom | Kev xav ntsoov | Khoom | Kev xav ntsoov |
| Ampicillin | 1.47 mg / ml | Prostaglandin F2 | a0.033 mg / ml |
| Erythromycin | 0.272 mg / ml | Prostaglandin E2 | 0.033 mg / ml |
| Niam Cov Tso Cai 3RD | 5% (vol) | Monistatr (Miconazole) | 0.5 mg / ml |
| Oxytocin | 10 iU / ml | Indigo Carmine | 0.232 mg / ml |
| Lub taub hau | 3.59 mg / ml | Lus ntuas | 0.849 mg / ml |
| Dexamethasone | 2.50 mg / ml | BETADINER GEL | 10 mg / ml |
| Mgo4•7Ho | 1.49 mg / ml | Betadiner CloUer | 10 mg / ml |
| Ritodrine | 0.33 mg / ml | K-yr jelly | 62,5 mg / ml |
| Dermicidolr 2000 | 25.73 mg / ml |
Ntawv Sau Npe
1. American College ntawm cov nyom thiab cov gynecologist. Preterm ua hauj lwm. Cov ntawv xov xwm kev lag luam, naj npawb 133, Lub kaum hli ntuj, 1989.
2. Crease rk, resnick r. Niam thiab menyuam tshuaj: Principles thiab xyaum. Philadelphia: WB sauners; 1989.
3. CreEy rk, merkatz ir. Kev tiv thaiv ntawm Preterm Yug: Kev xav txog tshuaj xyuas. Obstet gynecol 1990; 76 (khoom 1): 2s-4s.
4. Morrison JC. Yug Probrerm: Daim ntawv sib dhos tsim nyog tsim kho. Obstet Gynecol 1990; 76 (khoom 1): 5s-12s.
5. LockWood CJ, Senyei AE, tsis taus Mr, DC, li al. Fetal Fibronectin hauv ncauj tsev menyuam thiab cov chaw mos ntawm lub chaw mos ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv. JF JOLD JOLD 1991; 325: 669-74.
Glossary ntawm cov cim
|
| Phau Ntawv Teev Npe |  | Kub txwv |
 | Tham cov lus qhia kev siv |
| BATCH code |
 | Hauv cov vitro kuaj kho mob kho mob |  | Siv los ntawm |
 | Tus tsim |  | Muaj cov txaus rau |
 | Tsis txhob rov siv dua |  | Tus Sawv Cev Tso Cai Hauv Tebchaws European |
 | CE cim raws li IVD Cov Cuab Yeej Kho Mob Tawm Haujlwm 98/79 / EC | ||
Liming Bio-Khoom Co., Ltd.
No. 12 Huayuan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210042 PRINA.
TEL: (0086) 25 85476723 Fax: (0086) 25 85476387
E-mail:sales@limingbio.com
Lub Vev Xaib: www.limingBio.com
www.stddoobgostics.com
www.stidiagnostics.com
Hellkang Ltd. (www..CE-kia.eu) Tel: +44 (20) 799343434346
29 Honda St., London Wig 9QR, UK fax: +44 (20) 76811874
HeartStep® Fetal Fibronecte Sai Tawb Ntaus
Lub tsev kawm ntawv Askiv, txhais los ntawm American Collegians thiab gynecologist raws li kev xa khoom ua ntej rau feem ntau ntawm cov tsis yog-chromosomal permatal morbidity thiab kev tuag. Cov tsos mob ntawm kev hem thawj tus menyuam lub siab, kev hloov chaw mos, ntshav plab, mob plab, mob plab, pob txha caj qaum, thiab cramping. Kev kuaj mob cov qauv rau kev txheeb xyuas cov kev txiav txim siab ua haujlwm muaj xws li kev soj ntsuam cov haujlwm ntawm kev kuaj mob digital, uas tso cai rau kev kwv yees qhov ntev.
HeartStep® Fetal FibronecTin Kev Kuaj sai yog qhov kev kuaj pom ntawm cov menyuam nqaij fibrivoComoGorCov hauv plab me me nrog cov yam ntxwv hauv qab no:
Tus phooj ywg tus phooj ywg:ib-kauj ruam txheej txheem hauv kev ntsuas kev nyab xeeb
Sai sai:Tsuas yog 10 feeb yuav tsum tau nyob rau tib tus neeg mob mus xyuas
Khoom-Dawb:Lub hauv paus tsev kho mob lossis chaw kuaj mob tuaj yeem ua qhov kev ntsuas no
Xa tawm:chav tsev kub (2 ℃ -30 ℃)
